By Cherie Hu December 15, 2023

The music-tech market is hotter than ever — so hot that it might be reaching a boiling point.

While music and tech have always been tightly intertwined throughout history, the concept of music-tech as a vital investment category has emerged only in the last two decades, with significant momentum bubbling up in the last five years. We can break down this evolution into three stages:

The music-tech market is hotter than ever — so hot that it might be reaching a boiling point.

While music and tech have always been tightly intertwined throughout history, the concept of music-tech as a vital investment category has emerged only in the last two decades, with significant momentum bubbling up in the last five years. We can break down this evolution into three stages:

As a result of these shifts, the shape of commercial power in the music business looks quite different, and much more crowded, from 20 years ago. Major music rights holders and tech companies are now expected to generate profits for a dizzying array of stakeholders sitting outside of industry borders, including banks, private equity firms, big-tech conglomerates, and sovereign wealth funds — not to mention public retail investors.

There has been no central resource tracking these macro shifts in music-tech ownership and financing over time. So, we decided to build out that resource ourselves.

The music ownership ouroboros

(click here for an interactive version with links)

This diagram aims to map the macro ownership structures of the modern music business, with a focus on the growing influence of non-industry-native institutions. It is non-exhaustive and intended to serve as a launching pad for further exploration, discussion, and debate on key issues facing the industry’s future.

Over the past four years, we’ve been pulling out investment and ownership changes from press releases, company earnings reports, and stock market coverage from sites like Bloomberg, visualizing these relationships in a color-coded FigJam flowchart.

Some examples of relevant news from 2023:

There’s an intentional reason why this diagram is overwhelming, at least at first glance. Media publications tend to talk about “the music industry” as a singular, homogenized entity that thinks and acts as one. In reality, the “music industry” is a complex system of many sub-industries, each with their own distinct set of business priorities and incentives. Changes in one part of this system can have significant, long-term ripple effects throughout the rest of the system, in ways that can be hard to foresee without a macro view on what’s happening. (For example: we didn’t realize until building out this diagram that Bandcamp is three degrees of separation away from Tencent Holdings, or that BlackRock is three degrees of separation away from Rotana Group, a media conglomerate owned by a Saudi Prince.)

Upon closer examination, two major meta-level patterns emerge from the diagram that speaks to the boiling point of music and tech that we are currently in. These two patterns can be defined as the globalization and financialization of power in the music industry — both stemming from the idea that the companies at the top of the music food chain may not be what we expect.

1. Globalization of power

Global music tastes continue to diversify, with Latin music, amapiano, and K-pop topping the charts and attracting international fan bases.

What isn’t discussed as much — but is happening in parallel with equal if not greater force, is the shift in corporate music-industry power dynamics away from the Western hemisphere, and towards Asia and the Middle East.

More specifically, music-industry capital flows are now inseparable from both Chinese and Saudi money. While these markets may not be churning out global hits on the surface, their governments and tech conglomerates are financially participating in the behind-the-scenes operations that make those hits possible.

The two main players to watch are:

The motivations for Tencent and the Saudi PIF to invest in the world’s biggest music companies are both commercial and political. A tech conglomerate like Tencent could benefit from direct access to intellectual property and talent via its equity relationships with major labels — combining music creation, marketing, distribution and consumption into one business, as competitors like ByteDance (which owns TikTok) have already accomplished.

Politically, entertainment is a central pillar of the Saudi government’s future plans. In 2016, the government introduced their Vision 2030 plan, with the goal of reducing their reliance on crude oil and positioning Saudi Arabia as a more diversified economic and cultural force on the world stage. Notably, the plan includes an Events Investment Fund (EIF), which hopes to build 30 local venues and have events contribute 10% of the country’s annual GDP by 2030 — making the Live Nation investment a no-brainer. 

At large, the emergence of China and Saudi Arabia as new epicenters for the music industry could affect everything from the kinds of artists who gain global popularity, to the decision-making processes and content policies within major music corporations.

In fact, the music industry would do well to interpret these investments not just as new sources of capital, but as tools for increasing the soft power and improving the global image of the countries involved. This will inevitably lead to tensions around competing economic interests and political values — as we’ve seen play out in broader entertainment cases like the Saudi government ordering Netflix to remove “un-Islamic” (read: pro-LGBTQ) content, or multiple countries around the world advocating for a TikTok ban due to user privacy concerns.

Music is a cultural product, and what is acceptable and celebrated in one culture may be controversial or outright offensive in another. Now, many of these conflicting cultures are implicated in deals at the upper echelons of the music business. One has to wonder whether the music companies that are eating up Chinese and Saudi money in particular are prepared to grapple with the sociopolitical scrutiny that will follow.

2. Financialization of power

Given that so many major music rights holders and tech platforms today are owned by publicly-traded companies, are planning to IPO, or are owned by a private-equity firm, institutional finance now undeniably sits at the top of the music-industry food chain. As the Financial Times notes: “Blackstone now earns money every time Justin Timberlake’s ‘SexyBack’ plays in a shopping mall.”

In turn, financial markets are increasingly influencing the music industry’s commercial practices and structures — a process often referred to as simply “financialization.”

The financialization of music is clearest, and best documented, in the world of catalog sales. We now live in a world where it is commonplace for legacy artists to sell the rights to their music for lump sums, and for rights owners and finance firms to trade songs and their associated royalties with each other as if they were stocks or real estate.*

Importantly, though, the impact of financialization extends far beyond catalogs; as the ouroboros diagram suggests, it now permeates throughout all verticals of the music business. A few examples:

While not currently represented in the ouroboros diagram, it could even be argued that the recent Web3 music hype cycle — especially platforms that use NFTs to distribute fractional ownership and revenue-sharing around music assets, like Royal and anotherblock — has been an attempt to apply financialization to the independent music sector.

The primary argument in favor of financializing music is that more capital can help drive more innovation and operational improvements across the board. It’s not inherently bad that financial markets see music as commercially valuable; whether you’re an artist releasing your first album or a major corporation trying to execute on a new strategy, money is often the primary limiting factor to bringing ambitious ideas to life. The positive ripple effects of financialization could include more investments in music startups, more resources for international expansion to meet an increasingly global consumer base, and much-needed efficiencies in areas like music rights administration.

On the flipside, the short-term, profit-driven motives of finance are arguably misaligned with the long-term mindsets that drive real impact in music. Pressures to deliver shareholder returns could actually discourage investment in untested, experimental ideas — instead directing capital towards initiatives that are commercially safe and squeeze out maximum revenue, at the expense of artist wellbeing and long-term industry health. Private equity firms in particular often encourage company consolidation as a tool for streamlining operations and reducing fragmentation in a given industry, which could stifle competition and lead to terms that are both less transparent and less favorable for artists and rights holders.

We’re seeing these dynamics play out in real time in the media publishing world: Private equity firms are gutting reporting and editing teams at local newspapers, while major publishers like BuzzFeed, CNET, G/O Media, and Sports Illustrated are churning out AI-generated articles in the same breath that they are laying off staff.

A similar risk lies ahead for the music industry — especially for the sole reason the industry exists in the first place, namely the music creators themselves. The tools and revenues that these creators lean on to express themselves and nurture their careers are increasingly in the hands of stakeholders who, commercially speaking, are playing an entirely different game.